a Biochemical Assessment as Markers for Diagnosis and Evaluation Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Keywords:
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Liver Function, Albumin and Globulin
Abstract
Abstract
This paper summarizes assessment biochemical markers of the development of hepatitis B viruses (HBV), in which any possible connection between certain biochemical parameters and chronic hepatitis was identified. Liver function tests are helpful in diagnosing liver disease and dysfunction, assessing severity, tracking treatment, and determining prognosis. According to the findings of biochemical studies, chronic patients have higher levels of ALP, GPT, GOT, and TSB than carriers. The rise in liver enzymes strongly indicates hepatocellular damage, despite the fact that ALP, GPT, GOT, and TSB levels in the carrier group were all within normal parameters as compared to the reference group. Testing liver function in terms of protein level, albumin, and globulin, the concentration of protein profiles in chronic patients is clearly decreasing as compared to the carrier group. In severe or long-lasting liver disease, the significant decreasing profile of serum proteins is evident in some conditions, the release of tumor necrosis factor hampers the synthesis of albumin, however, induce the synthesis of the acute phase response, hypoalbuminemia is multifactorial, while the hepatic synthesis of albumin is decreased in liver disease.
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References
Ackerman, L. K. (1997). Health problems of refugees. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 10(5), 337-348.
Affas, B.B. (1988). Hematopathological changes in liver disease. M. Sc. Thesis. College of Medicine.University of Baghdad.
Ahmed, A.M . (2006). The effects of precore mutant on the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B with Interferon Alfa among Iraqi patients. M.Sc thesis. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute for Post Graduate Studies. University of Baghdad.
ALI, A. M. S. Immune Response to Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine.
Almirantis, Y., & Provata, A. (1999). Long-and short-range correlations in genome organization. Journal of statistical physics, 97(1), 233-262.
Al-Waysi, A. A. (2005). Effectiveness of interferon-alfa and lamivudine 45. drugs in the treatment of chronic viral Hepatitis (B &C) among Iraqi patients (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. thesis. College of Medicine. Baghdad University).
Berenguer, M. and Wright, T.L. (2002). Viral hepatitis. In : Sleisenger and Fordtrans Gastro intestinal and liver disease, Pathophsiology, diagnosis, management. Edited by Feldman, M., Friedman, L.S., and Sleisenger, M.H. vol 3. pp: 1278-1290.
Berenguer, M., & Wright, T. L. (2002). Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease-Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management, ed.
Block, T. M., Alter, H. J., London, W. T., & Bray, M. (2016). A historical perspective on the discovery and elucidation of the hepatitis B virus. Antiviral research, 131, 109-123.
Bruss, V. (2004). Envelopment of the hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid. Virus research, 106(2), 199-209.
Carrion, R., Brasky, K., Mansfield, K., Johnson, C., Gonzales, M., Ticer, A., ... & Patterson, J. (2007). Lassa virus infection in experimentally infected marmosets: liver pathology and immunophenotypic alterations in target tissues. Journal of virology, 81(12), 6482-6490.
Carvalho, J. R., & Machado, M. V. (2018). New insights about albumin and liver disease. Annals of hepatology, 17(4), 547-560.
Chaitanya, K. V. (2019). Structure and Organization of Virus Genomes. In Genome and Genomics (pp. 1-30). Springer, Singapore.
Chen, G., Cheung, R., & Tom, J. W. (2017). Hepatitis: sedation and anesthesia implications. Anesthesia progress, 64(2), 106-118.
Coral, R. P., Constant-Neto, M., Silva, I. S., Barros, S., & Jawetz, J. (2004). Influence of transposed stomach on cardiac function in patients with resected esophageal cancer. Diseases of the Esophagus, 17(4), 307-309.
Crowther, A., Kiselev, N. A. and Bottcher, B. (1994). Three dimensional structure of hepatitis B virus core particles determined by electron microscopy. Cell; 77: 943 – 950.
Dienstag, J.L. and Rayan, D.M. (2004). occupational exposure to HBV in hospital personnel: infection or immunization. Am. J. Epidemiol.; 115(1): 26-39.
Ganem, D. and Prince, A.M. (2004). Hepatitis B virus infection-natural history and clinical consequences. N. Engl. J. Med; 350: 1118-1129.
Ganem, D., & Varmus, H. E. (1987). The molecular biology of the hepatitis B viruses. Annual review of biochemistry, 56(1), 651-693.
Gao, W., & Hu, J. (2007). Formation of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA: removal of genome-linked protein. Journal of virology, 81(12), 6164-6174.
Hollinger, F. B. and Liang, T. J. (2001). Hepatitis B virus. In: Fields Virology. Knipe DM et al (eds).4th ed. pp 2971-3036. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
Hoofnagle, J.H. and Lindsay, K.L.(2001). Acute viral hepatitis In: Cecil text book of medicine, Bennett and Plum (eds.), 21st ed. vol. 1. P :783-796. W.B. Saunders Company.
Johnson,A.M;Rohlfs,M.E.andSilverman,L.M.(1999).Protein. In Burtis ,C.A. and Ashwood ,E.R. (Eds.).Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry . 3rd ed. W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia .PP.521-525.
Jung, M. C., & Pape, G. R. (2002). Immunology of hepatitis B infection. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2(1), 43-50.
Kannan, R. (2019). The Impact of Thyroid Hormone Therapy on the Changes in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism (Doctoral dissertation, Madurai Medical College, Madurai).
Kanter, R., Monshouwer, M., Meijer, D. K. F., & Groothuis, G. M. M. (2002). Precision-cut organ slices as a tool to study toxicity and metabolism of xenobiotics with special reference to non-hepatic tissues. Current drug metabolism, 3(1), 39-59.
Kedes, D. H., & Ganem, D. (1997). Sensitivity of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication to antiviral drugs. Implications for potential therapy. The Journal of clinical investigation, 99(9), 2082-2086.
Lee, W.M. (1997). Hepatitis B infection. N Engl J Med.; 337 :1733 -1745.
Liang, T. J. (2009). Hepatitis B: the virus and disease. Hepatology, 49(S5), S13-S21.
Mahoney, F. J. (1999). Update on diagnosis, management, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. Clinical microbiology reviews, 12(2), 351-366.
Mahoney, F. J. ; Smith, N. ; Alter, M.J. and Margolis, H. (1997). Progress towards the elimination of hepatitis B virus transmission in the United States. Viral Hepatitis Reviews. J. ; 3: 105 – 19.
Mahoney, F. J., & Kane, M. (1999). Hepatitis B Vaccine In: Vaccines. Plotkin, SA, Orenstein, WA.
Mahoney, F., & Kane, M. (1999). Hepatitis B vaccine, Vaccines.
Mannaa, F. A., & Abdel-Wahhab, K. G. (2016). Physiological potential of cytokines and liver damages. Hepatoma Research, 2, 131-143.
Mast , E. ; Mahoney , F. ; Kane , M. et al . ( 2004 ) . Hepatitis B vaccine . In : Plotkin, S.A. , Orestein, W.A. , eds . Vaccines . Philadephia : Saunder , 299 – 337.
Matimck, R.G. (1996). Colometric method for determination of total serum bilirubin. Clin. Chim. Acta.; 13: 161.
Mayne , P. D. (1994). Enzyme analysis . Ann. of Clini. Biochem. , 33 : 486-510.
Metz, A.and Schutre, A. (1975). Estimation of albumin in blood. Clin. Chem.; 13:423.
Omer, A.R. and AL-Salmani,A. (2005). Hepatitis B virus. Health Ministry and WHO J.; 5:27.
Omer, A.R. and Mohammed ,D.A. (2001). Hepatitis B virus in Iraq. Bull. End. Dis.;31(1) :38.
Razavi-Shearer, D., Gamkrelidze, I., Nguyen, M. H., Chen, D. S., Van Damme, P., Abbas, Z., ... & Ryder, S. D. (2018). Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study. The lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology, 3(6), 383-403.
Richard, R. (2002). Enzyme analysis. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 39: 496-521.
Robinson ,W.S. (1995). Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus. In: Mandell, G.L., Bennett, J.E., Dolin, R., eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed.: p1406. Churchill Livingstone, New York.
Rosalki , S. B. (1997) . An improved procedure for serum phosphokinase determination. J. Clin. Lab. Med. ; 69 : 696 – 705.
Seitz, S., Habjanič, J., Schütz, A. K., & Bartenschlager, R. (2020). The Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Proteins: Molecular Gymnastics Throughout the Viral Life Cycle. Annual Review of Virology, 7, 263-288.
Seitz, S., Habjanič, J., Schütz, A. K., & Bartenschlager, R. (2020). The Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Proteins: Molecular Gymnastics Throughout the Viral Life Cycle. Annual Review of Virology, 7, 263-288.
Seitz, S., Urban, S., Antoni, C., & Böttcher, B. (2007). Cryo‐electron microscopy of hepatitis B virions reveals variability in envelope capsid interactions. The EMBO journal, 26(18), 4160-4167.
Steven, A. C., Conway, J. F., Cheng, N., Watts, N. R., Belnap, D. M., Harris, A., ... & Wingfield, P. T. (2005). Structure, assembly, and antigenicity of hepatitis B virus capsid proteins. Advances in virus research, 64, 125-164.
Tang, L. S., Covert, E., Wilson, E., & Kottilil, S. (2018). Chronic hepatitis B infection: a review. Jama, 319(17), 1802-1813.
Tolman, K. and Rej, R. (1999). liver function. In C.A.Burtis and E.R. Ashwood (Eds.).Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry . 3rd ed. W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia , P:1125-1170 .
Toukan, A. (1996). Hepatitis B in the Middle East: Aspects of epidemiology and liver disease after infection. Gut; 38 (Suppl. 2): S2 – S4.
Venkatakrishnan, B., & Zlotnick, A. (2016). The structural biology of hepatitis B virus: form and function. Annual review of virology, 3, 429-451.
Wang, G. H., & Seeger, C. H. R. I. S. T. O. P. H. (1993). Novel mechanism for reverse transcription in hepatitis B viruses. Journal of virology, 67(11), 6507-6512.
Wang, L., Wang, K., & Zou, Z. Q. (2015). Crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity in hepatitis B virus infection. World journal of hepatology, 7(30), 2980.
Wei, Y., Neuveut, C., Tiollais, P., & Buendia, M. A. (2010). Molecular biology of the hepatitis B virus and role of the X gene. Pathologie Biologie, 58(4), 267-272.
Weichselbaum, T.E. (1954). Estimation of blood protein. Am J Clin. Patho.; 16: 40.
Whitacre, D. C., Lee, B. O., & Milich, D. R. (2009). Use of hepadnavirus core proteins as vaccine platforms. Expert review of vaccines, 8(11), 1565-1573.
William, M. (1997). Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med.; 337(24): 1733- 45.
Wright, T. L. (2006). Introduction to chronic hepatitis B infection. American journal of gastroenterology, 101, S1-S6.
Xi, L.F.; Xu, Z.Y.; Shen, Y.D.; et al. (1991). The horizontal and perinatal transmissionof HBV infection. Chinese J. Virology ;7: S21.
Zlotnick, A., Cheng, N., Conway, J. F., Booy, F. P., Steven, A. C., Stahl, S. J., & Wingfield, P. T. (1996). Dimorphism of hepatitis B virus capsids is strongly influenced by the C-terminus of the capsid protein. Biochemistry, 35(23), 7412-7421.
Zuckerman, J. ; Sabin , C . ; Craig , F . ; Williams , A . and Zuckerman , A . J. (1997). Immune response to new hepatitis B vaccine in healthy care workers who had not responded to standard vaccine: randomized blind dose response study . BMJ .; 314 : 329 – 338 .
Zuckerman, J. N., & Zuckerman, A. J. (1999). The epidemiology of hepatitis B. Clinics in Liver Disease, 3(2), 179-187.
Ackerman, L. K. (1997). Health problems of refugees. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 10(5), 337-348.
Affas, B.B. (1988). Hematopathological changes in liver disease. M. Sc. Thesis. College of Medicine.University of Baghdad.
Ahmed, A.M . (2006). The effects of precore mutant on the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B with Interferon Alfa among Iraqi patients. M.Sc thesis. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute for Post Graduate Studies. University of Baghdad.
ALI, A. M. S. Immune Response to Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine.
Almirantis, Y., & Provata, A. (1999). Long-and short-range correlations in genome organization. Journal of statistical physics, 97(1), 233-262.
Al-Waysi, A. A. (2005). Effectiveness of interferon-alfa and lamivudine 45. drugs in the treatment of chronic viral Hepatitis (B &C) among Iraqi patients (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. thesis. College of Medicine. Baghdad University).
Berenguer, M. and Wright, T.L. (2002). Viral hepatitis. In : Sleisenger and Fordtrans Gastro intestinal and liver disease, Pathophsiology, diagnosis, management. Edited by Feldman, M., Friedman, L.S., and Sleisenger, M.H. vol 3. pp: 1278-1290.
Berenguer, M., & Wright, T. L. (2002). Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease-Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management, ed.
Block, T. M., Alter, H. J., London, W. T., & Bray, M. (2016). A historical perspective on the discovery and elucidation of the hepatitis B virus. Antiviral research, 131, 109-123.
Bruss, V. (2004). Envelopment of the hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid. Virus research, 106(2), 199-209.
Carrion, R., Brasky, K., Mansfield, K., Johnson, C., Gonzales, M., Ticer, A., ... & Patterson, J. (2007). Lassa virus infection in experimentally infected marmosets: liver pathology and immunophenotypic alterations in target tissues. Journal of virology, 81(12), 6482-6490.
Carvalho, J. R., & Machado, M. V. (2018). New insights about albumin and liver disease. Annals of hepatology, 17(4), 547-560.
Chaitanya, K. V. (2019). Structure and Organization of Virus Genomes. In Genome and Genomics (pp. 1-30). Springer, Singapore.
Chen, G., Cheung, R., & Tom, J. W. (2017). Hepatitis: sedation and anesthesia implications. Anesthesia progress, 64(2), 106-118.
Coral, R. P., Constant-Neto, M., Silva, I. S., Barros, S., & Jawetz, J. (2004). Influence of transposed stomach on cardiac function in patients with resected esophageal cancer. Diseases of the Esophagus, 17(4), 307-309.
Crowther, A., Kiselev, N. A. and Bottcher, B. (1994). Three dimensional structure of hepatitis B virus core particles determined by electron microscopy. Cell; 77: 943 – 950.
Dienstag, J.L. and Rayan, D.M. (2004). occupational exposure to HBV in hospital personnel: infection or immunization. Am. J. Epidemiol.; 115(1): 26-39.
Ganem, D. and Prince, A.M. (2004). Hepatitis B virus infection-natural history and clinical consequences. N. Engl. J. Med; 350: 1118-1129.
Ganem, D., & Varmus, H. E. (1987). The molecular biology of the hepatitis B viruses. Annual review of biochemistry, 56(1), 651-693.
Gao, W., & Hu, J. (2007). Formation of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA: removal of genome-linked protein. Journal of virology, 81(12), 6164-6174.
Hollinger, F. B. and Liang, T. J. (2001). Hepatitis B virus. In: Fields Virology. Knipe DM et al (eds).4th ed. pp 2971-3036. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
Hoofnagle, J.H. and Lindsay, K.L.(2001). Acute viral hepatitis In: Cecil text book of medicine, Bennett and Plum (eds.), 21st ed. vol. 1. P :783-796. W.B. Saunders Company.
Johnson,A.M;Rohlfs,M.E.andSilverman,L.M.(1999).Protein. In Burtis ,C.A. and Ashwood ,E.R. (Eds.).Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry . 3rd ed. W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia .PP.521-525.
Jung, M. C., & Pape, G. R. (2002). Immunology of hepatitis B infection. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2(1), 43-50.
Kannan, R. (2019). The Impact of Thyroid Hormone Therapy on the Changes in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism (Doctoral dissertation, Madurai Medical College, Madurai).
Kanter, R., Monshouwer, M., Meijer, D. K. F., & Groothuis, G. M. M. (2002). Precision-cut organ slices as a tool to study toxicity and metabolism of xenobiotics with special reference to non-hepatic tissues. Current drug metabolism, 3(1), 39-59.
Kedes, D. H., & Ganem, D. (1997). Sensitivity of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication to antiviral drugs. Implications for potential therapy. The Journal of clinical investigation, 99(9), 2082-2086.
Lee, W.M. (1997). Hepatitis B infection. N Engl J Med.; 337 :1733 -1745.
Liang, T. J. (2009). Hepatitis B: the virus and disease. Hepatology, 49(S5), S13-S21.
Mahoney, F. J. (1999). Update on diagnosis, management, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. Clinical microbiology reviews, 12(2), 351-366.
Mahoney, F. J. ; Smith, N. ; Alter, M.J. and Margolis, H. (1997). Progress towards the elimination of hepatitis B virus transmission in the United States. Viral Hepatitis Reviews. J. ; 3: 105 – 19.
Mahoney, F. J., & Kane, M. (1999). Hepatitis B Vaccine In: Vaccines. Plotkin, SA, Orenstein, WA.
Mahoney, F., & Kane, M. (1999). Hepatitis B vaccine, Vaccines.
Mannaa, F. A., & Abdel-Wahhab, K. G. (2016). Physiological potential of cytokines and liver damages. Hepatoma Research, 2, 131-143.
Mast , E. ; Mahoney , F. ; Kane , M. et al . ( 2004 ) . Hepatitis B vaccine . In : Plotkin, S.A. , Orestein, W.A. , eds . Vaccines . Philadephia : Saunder , 299 – 337.
Matimck, R.G. (1996). Colometric method for determination of total serum bilirubin. Clin. Chim. Acta.; 13: 161.
Mayne , P. D. (1994). Enzyme analysis . Ann. of Clini. Biochem. , 33 : 486-510.
Metz, A.and Schutre, A. (1975). Estimation of albumin in blood. Clin. Chem.; 13:423.
Omer, A.R. and AL-Salmani,A. (2005). Hepatitis B virus. Health Ministry and WHO J.; 5:27.
Omer, A.R. and Mohammed ,D.A. (2001). Hepatitis B virus in Iraq. Bull. End. Dis.;31(1) :38.
Razavi-Shearer, D., Gamkrelidze, I., Nguyen, M. H., Chen, D. S., Van Damme, P., Abbas, Z., ... & Ryder, S. D. (2018). Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study. The lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology, 3(6), 383-403.
Richard, R. (2002). Enzyme analysis. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 39: 496-521.
Robinson ,W.S. (1995). Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus. In: Mandell, G.L., Bennett, J.E., Dolin, R., eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed.: p1406. Churchill Livingstone, New York.
Rosalki , S. B. (1997) . An improved procedure for serum phosphokinase determination. J. Clin. Lab. Med. ; 69 : 696 – 705.
Seitz, S., Habjanič, J., Schütz, A. K., & Bartenschlager, R. (2020). The Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Proteins: Molecular Gymnastics Throughout the Viral Life Cycle. Annual Review of Virology, 7, 263-288.
Seitz, S., Habjanič, J., Schütz, A. K., & Bartenschlager, R. (2020). The Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Proteins: Molecular Gymnastics Throughout the Viral Life Cycle. Annual Review of Virology, 7, 263-288.
Seitz, S., Urban, S., Antoni, C., & Böttcher, B. (2007). Cryo‐electron microscopy of hepatitis B virions reveals variability in envelope capsid interactions. The EMBO journal, 26(18), 4160-4167.
Steven, A. C., Conway, J. F., Cheng, N., Watts, N. R., Belnap, D. M., Harris, A., ... & Wingfield, P. T. (2005). Structure, assembly, and antigenicity of hepatitis B virus capsid proteins. Advances in virus research, 64, 125-164.
Tang, L. S., Covert, E., Wilson, E., & Kottilil, S. (2018). Chronic hepatitis B infection: a review. Jama, 319(17), 1802-1813.
Tolman, K. and Rej, R. (1999). liver function. In C.A.Burtis and E.R. Ashwood (Eds.).Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry . 3rd ed. W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia , P:1125-1170 .
Toukan, A. (1996). Hepatitis B in the Middle East: Aspects of epidemiology and liver disease after infection. Gut; 38 (Suppl. 2): S2 – S4.
Venkatakrishnan, B., & Zlotnick, A. (2016). The structural biology of hepatitis B virus: form and function. Annual review of virology, 3, 429-451.
Wang, G. H., & Seeger, C. H. R. I. S. T. O. P. H. (1993). Novel mechanism for reverse transcription in hepatitis B viruses. Journal of virology, 67(11), 6507-6512.
Wang, L., Wang, K., & Zou, Z. Q. (2015). Crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity in hepatitis B virus infection. World journal of hepatology, 7(30), 2980.
Wei, Y., Neuveut, C., Tiollais, P., & Buendia, M. A. (2010). Molecular biology of the hepatitis B virus and role of the X gene. Pathologie Biologie, 58(4), 267-272.
Weichselbaum, T.E. (1954). Estimation of blood protein. Am J Clin. Patho.; 16: 40.
Whitacre, D. C., Lee, B. O., & Milich, D. R. (2009). Use of hepadnavirus core proteins as vaccine platforms. Expert review of vaccines, 8(11), 1565-1573.
William, M. (1997). Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med.; 337(24): 1733- 45.
Wright, T. L. (2006). Introduction to chronic hepatitis B infection. American journal of gastroenterology, 101, S1-S6.
Xi, L.F.; Xu, Z.Y.; Shen, Y.D.; et al. (1991). The horizontal and perinatal transmissionof HBV infection. Chinese J. Virology ;7: S21.
Zlotnick, A., Cheng, N., Conway, J. F., Booy, F. P., Steven, A. C., Stahl, S. J., & Wingfield, P. T. (1996). Dimorphism of hepatitis B virus capsids is strongly influenced by the C-terminus of the capsid protein. Biochemistry, 35(23), 7412-7421.
Zuckerman, J. ; Sabin , C . ; Craig , F . ; Williams , A . and Zuckerman , A . J. (1997). Immune response to new hepatitis B vaccine in healthy care workers who had not responded to standard vaccine: randomized blind dose response study . BMJ .; 314 : 329 – 338 .
Zuckerman, J. N., & Zuckerman, A. J. (1999). The epidemiology of hepatitis B. Clinics in Liver Disease, 3(2), 179-187.
Published
2021-07-19
How to Cite
Alsalih, M., Riyad E. Abed, & Syakirah Samsudin. (2021). a Biochemical Assessment as Markers for Diagnosis and Evaluation Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Pure Science, 26(4), 156-168. https://doi.org/10.29350/qjps.2021.26.4.1359
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Special Issue (Silver Jubilee)
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