Comparative physiology study of side effect between Xenical and Lipo-6 Supplements which treated obese rabbets
Keywords:
Xenical, Lipo-6, physiology
Abstract
Obesity is rapidly becoming a health problem, and it is considered a metabolic disease of epidemic proportions. Obesity is also associated with many comorbidities such as hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, atherosclerosis, cancer. Use of over-the-counter weight-loss supplements has become more common in the world; Xenical and Lipo-6 are two examples of nutritional supplements that do not pass safety research before being sold to the consumer.
The ability of Xenical and lipo-6 supplements on DNA fragmentation in human lymphocytes was studied, where these cells represent important defense line of the body. On other hand, thirty white rabbits Iraqis in this experiment, weighing 2.5 to 3.0 kg were employed, which divided randomly to the three group (A: Control group, B: Xenical group, C: Lipo-6 group). In the end of experiment, all animals synthesized for collection blood to complete blood count examination and then all animal scarified for taking tissues samples to histopathological examination.
The results showed that, the effects of two different types of medications on DNA fragmentation in human lymphocytes were examined. Xenical, at high concentrations (500 µg/ml), caused a significant fragmentation of lymphocytes' DNA (p ≥ 0.05); DNA fragmentation percentages were 68.5 percent after 24 hours and reached 76.4 percent after 48 hours. the lipo-6 at high concentration displayed apoptotic activity against healthy cells after 24 hours of exposure; DNA fragmentation was 80.13%. After 48 hours, the proportion of DNA fragmentation increased to 89.71 percent. As well as, the present study were conducting to determine toxicity of drug in rabbits in order to scientific information about its safety. The results of this study, reveals a histological sections for (liver, lung, heart, spleen, and intestine) in rabbits groups treated with Xenical and Lipo- 6 two capsule per day. pathological alterations in the treated rabbits' intestines, including macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration indicating chronic inflammation, furthermore, intestine section showed Macro vesicular fatty change. The spleen histological Samples founded with highly-blood foci (bleeding), highly infiltration with lymphocytes, also section exhibit highly proliferative cells with abnormal blood collections in both groups treated with Xenical and Lipo-6,in comparative to normal spleen. the lung tissue inflammation, the production of air vacuoles, damage to the alveolar sac and found a significant RBC cast in the heart muscle.
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References
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12- Ke, J., An, Y., Cao, B., Lang, J., Wu, N., & Zhao, D. (2020). Orlistat-induced gut microbiota modification in obese mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020.
13- Zakaria, Z., Othman, Z. A., Bagi Suleiman, J., Jalil, N. A. C., Ghazali, W. S. W., & Mohamed, M. (2021). Protective and Therapeutic Effects of Orlistat on Metabolic Syndrome and Oxidative Stress in High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) in Rats: Role on Nrf2 Activation. Veterinary Sciences, 8(11), 274.
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15- Khan, R. A., Kapur, P., Jain, A., Farah, F., & Bhandari, U. (2017). Effect of orlistat on periostin, adiponectin, inflammatory markers and ultrasound grades of fatty liver in obese NAFLD patients. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 13, 139.
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18- Suleiman, J. B., Nna, V. U., Othman, Z. A., Zakaria, Z., Bakar, A. B. A., & Mohamed, M. (2020). Orlistat attenuates obesity‐induced decline in steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis by up‐regulating steroidogenic genes. Andrology, 8(5), 1471-1485.
19- Silva, A. S., & Zanesco, A. (2010). Exercício físico, receptores β-adrenérgicos e resposta vascular. Jornal Vascular Brasileiro, 9, 47-56.
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23- Yaseen, N. Y. (1990). Cytogenetic study on human colorectal cancer cells (Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield, Department of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology).
24- Freshney, R. I. (2015). Culture of animal cells: a manual of basic technique and specialized applications. John Wiley & Sons.
25- Freshney, I. (2001). Application of cell cultures to toxicology. Cell Culture Methods for In Vitro Toxicology, 9-26.
26- Fernandez-Botran, R., & Vetvicka, V. (2000). Advanced methods in cellular immunology. CRC Press.
27- Boyum, A. (1968). Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood. Isolation of monuclear cells by one centrifugation, and of granulocytes by combining centrifugation and sedimentation at 1 g. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl., 97, 77.
28- Nonoyama, S., Kojo, H., Mine, Y., Nishida, M., Goto, S., & Kuwahara, S. (1979). Inhibitory effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the phagocytic and killing activity of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes: mechanisms of action of a polymorphonuclear leukocyte inhibitor. Infection and immunity, 24(2), 399-403.
29- Wong, R. S. (2011). Apoptosis in cancer: from pathogenesis to treatment. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research, 30(1), 1-14.
30- Greaves, P. (2011). Histopathology of preclinical toxicity studies: interpretation and relevance in drug safety evaluation. Academic Press.
31- Azadbakht, L., Jamali-Gojani, Z., & Heidari-Beni, M. (2015). Anti-obesity drug orlistat (xenical) is a novel antitumor medication. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 16(1).
32- Magalhães, L. M., de Oliveira, C. V. C., Gonçalves, M. D. C. R., de Souza, A. A., & Silva, A. S. (2013). Single dose of dietary supplement Nutrex Lipo-6 Black® limits the post exercise hypotension induced by aerobic exercise in young adults. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 3(2), 127-133.
33- Seifert, J. G., Nelson, A., Devonish, J., Burke, E. R., & Stohs, S. J. (2011). Effect of acute administration of an herbal preparation on blood pressure and heart rate in humans. International journal of medical sciences, 8(3), 192.
34- Thomas, J. E., Munir, J. A., McIntyre, P. Z., & Ferguson, M. A. (2009). STEMI in a 24-year-old man after use of a synephrine-containing dietary supplement: a case report and review of the literature. Texas Heart Institute Journal, 36(6), 586.
35- Kalman, D. S., Antonio, J., & Kreider, R. B. (2003). The relative safety of ephedra compared with other herbal products. Annals of internal medicine, 138(12), 1006.
36- Bui, L. T., Nguyen, D. T., & Ambrose, P. J. (2006). Blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 40(1), 53-57.
37- Roche Laboratories Inc,2009.
38- Garcia, S. B., da Costa Barros, L. T., Turatti, A., Martinello, F., Modiano, P., Ribeiro-Silva, A., ... & Uyemura, S. A. (2006). The anti-obesity agent Orlistat is associated to increase in colonic preneoplastic markers in rats treated with a chemical carcinogen. Cancer letters, 240(2), 221-224.
39- Chuang, H. Y., Chang, Y. F., & Hwang, J. J. (2011). Antitumor effect of orlistat, a fatty acid synthase inhibitor, is via activation of caspase-3 on human colorectal carcinoma-bearing animal. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 65(4), 286-292.
40- McNeely W, Benfi eld P. 1998. Orlistat. Drugs, 56:241–9; discussion 250.
41- Padwal, R. S., Rucker, D., Li, S. K., Curioni, C., & Lau, D. C. (2003). Long‐term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4).
42- McDuffie, J. R., Calis, K. A., Booth, S. L., Uwaifo, G. I., & Yanovski, J. A. (2002). Effects of orlistat on fat‐soluble vitamins in obese adolescents. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 22(7), 814-822.
43- Gotfredsen, A., Westergren Hendel, H., & Andersen, T. (2001). Influence of orlistat on bone turnover and body composition. International journal of obesity, 25(8), 1154-1160.
44- Finer, N., James, W. P. T., Kopelman, P. G., Lean, M. E. J., & Williams, G. (2000). One-year treatment of obesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of orlistat, a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor. International journal of obesity, 24(3), 306-313.
45- Orlistat. 2007. Orlistat: drug information [online]. URL: http://uptodateonline.com.
46- Singh, A., Sarkar, S. R., Gaber, L. W., & Perazella, M. A. (2007). Acute oxalate nephropathy associated with orlistat, a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 49(1), 153-157.
47- Notarius, C. F., Morris, B. L., & Floras, J. S. (2006). Caffeine attenuates early post-exercise hypotension in middle-aged subjects. American Journal of Hypertension, 19(2), 184-188.
48- Cazé, R. F., Franco, G. A. M., Porpino, S. K. P., Souza, A. A. D., Padilhas, O. P., & Silva, A. S. (2010). Caffeine influence on blood pressure response to aerobic exercise in hypertensive subjects. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 16, 324-328.
49- McBride, B. F., Karapanos, A. K., Krudysz, A., Kluger, J., Coleman, C. I., & White, C. M. (2004). Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of a multicomponent dietary supplement containing ephedra and caffeine: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 291(2), 216-221.
50- Hackman, R. M., Havel, P. J., Schwartz, H. J., Rutledge, J. C., Watnik, M. R., Noceti, E. M., ... & Keen, C. L. (2006). Multinutrient supplement containing ephedra and caffeine causes weight loss and improves metabolic risk factors in obese women: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obesity, 30(10), 1545-1556.
51- Stephensen, T. A., & Sarlay Jr, R. (2009). Ventricular fibrillation associated with use of synephrine containing dietary supplement. Military medicine, 174(12), 1313-1319.
52- Kreider, R. B., Wilborn, C. D., Taylor, L., Campbell, B., Almada, A. L., Collins, R., ... & Antonio, J. (2010). ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations. Journal of the international society of sports nutrition, 7(1), 7.
53- Maglione, M., Miotto, K., Iguchi, M., Hilton, L., & Shekelle, P. (2005). Psychiatric symptoms associated with ephedra use. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 4(5), 879-884.
54- Shekelle, P. G., Hardy, M. L., Morton, S. C., Maglione, M., Mojica, W. A., Suttorp, M. J., ... & Gagné, J. (2003). Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: a meta-analysis. Jama, 289(12), 1537-1545.
55- Moura Junior, J. S., Nóbrega, T. K. S. D., Brito, A. D. F., & Silva, A. S. (2010). Influência Aguda do Tabaco na Pressão Arterial, Freqüência Cardíaca e na Hipotensão Pós-Exercício em homens Jovens Fumantes. Rev. bras. ciênc. saúde, 57-64.
2- World Health Organization. Controlling the global obesity epidemic. 2021. http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/obesity/en/
3- World Health Organization: Obesity and Overweight. WHO Fact Sheet No. 311, Geneva: WHO; 2015.
4- Artham, S. M., Lavie, C. J., Milani, R. V., & Ventura, H. O. (2008). The obesity paradox: impact of obesity on the prevalence and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Postgraduate medicine, 120(2), 34-41.
5- Azman, K. F., Amom, Z., Azlan, A., Esa, N. M., Ali, R. M., Shah, Z. M., & Kadir, K. K. A. (2012). Antiobesity effect of Tamarindus indica L. pulp aqueous extract in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Journal of natural medicines, 66(2), 333-342.
6- Bays HE, McCarthy W, Burridge K, Tondt J, Karjoo S, Christensen S, Ng J, Golden A, Davisson L RL. Obesity Algorithm 2021. Published Online First: 2021. https://obesitymedicine.org/wp content/uploads/2021/01/2021-Obesity-Algorithm.pdf (accessed 7 Aug 2021).
7- Qureshi, K., & Abrams, G. A. (2007). Metabolic liver disease of obesity and role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG, 13(26), 3540.
8- Li, M.; Cheung, B.M.Y. Pharmacotherapy for obesity. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2009, 68, 804–810. [CrossRef]
9- Kang, J. G., & Park, C. Y. (2012). Anti-obesity drugs: a review about their effects and safety. Diabetes & metabolism journal, 36(1), 13-25.
10- Sjöström, L., Rissanen, A., Andersen, T., Boldrin, M., Golay, A., Koppeschaar, H. P., ... & European Multicentre Orlistat Study Group. (1998). Randomised placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. The Lancet, 352(9123), 167-172.
11- Ye, J., Wu, Y., Li, F., Wu, T., Shao, C., Lin, Y., ... & Zhong, B. (2019). Effect of orlistat on liver fat content in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with obesity: Assessment using magnetic resonance imaging-derived proton density fat fraction. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, 12, 1756284819879047.
12- Ke, J., An, Y., Cao, B., Lang, J., Wu, N., & Zhao, D. (2020). Orlistat-induced gut microbiota modification in obese mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020.
13- Zakaria, Z., Othman, Z. A., Bagi Suleiman, J., Jalil, N. A. C., Ghazali, W. S. W., & Mohamed, M. (2021). Protective and Therapeutic Effects of Orlistat on Metabolic Syndrome and Oxidative Stress in High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) in Rats: Role on Nrf2 Activation. Veterinary Sciences, 8(11), 274.
14- Ye, J., Wu, Y., Li, F., Wu, T., Shao, C., Lin, Y., ... & Zhong, B. (2019). Effect of orlistat on liver fat content in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with obesity: Assessment using magnetic resonance imaging-derived proton density fat fraction. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, 12, 1756284819879047.
15- Khan, R. A., Kapur, P., Jain, A., Farah, F., & Bhandari, U. (2017). Effect of orlistat on periostin, adiponectin, inflammatory markers and ultrasound grades of fatty liver in obese NAFLD patients. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 13, 139.
16- Othman, Z. A., Noordin, L., Omar, N., NA, M. Y., & Mohamaed, M. (2019). Protective effects of orlistat on lipid profile, cardiac oxidative stress biomarkers and histology in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 18(2).
17- Suleiman, J. B., Nna, V. U., Zakaria, Z., Othman, Z. A., Bakar, A. B. A., & Mohamed, M. (2020). Obesity-induced testicular oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis: Protective and therapeutic effects of orlistat. Reproductive Toxicology, 95, 113-122.
18- Suleiman, J. B., Nna, V. U., Othman, Z. A., Zakaria, Z., Bakar, A. B. A., & Mohamed, M. (2020). Orlistat attenuates obesity‐induced decline in steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis by up‐regulating steroidogenic genes. Andrology, 8(5), 1471-1485.
19- Silva, A. S., & Zanesco, A. (2010). Exercício físico, receptores β-adrenérgicos e resposta vascular. Jornal Vascular Brasileiro, 9, 47-56.
20- Harmening, D. M. (2009). Clinical Hematology and Fundamentals of Hemostasis. 5th. FA Davis Company, 100AD.
21- Atlas, R. M., & Snyder, J. W. (2006). Handbook of media for clinical microbiology. CRC Press.
22- Freshney, R.I. (2000). Introduction to Basic principles. In: Master, J.W.(eds.). Animal cell culture. Oxford University press.
23- Yaseen, N. Y. (1990). Cytogenetic study on human colorectal cancer cells (Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield, Department of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology).
24- Freshney, R. I. (2015). Culture of animal cells: a manual of basic technique and specialized applications. John Wiley & Sons.
25- Freshney, I. (2001). Application of cell cultures to toxicology. Cell Culture Methods for In Vitro Toxicology, 9-26.
26- Fernandez-Botran, R., & Vetvicka, V. (2000). Advanced methods in cellular immunology. CRC Press.
27- Boyum, A. (1968). Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood. Isolation of monuclear cells by one centrifugation, and of granulocytes by combining centrifugation and sedimentation at 1 g. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl., 97, 77.
28- Nonoyama, S., Kojo, H., Mine, Y., Nishida, M., Goto, S., & Kuwahara, S. (1979). Inhibitory effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the phagocytic and killing activity of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes: mechanisms of action of a polymorphonuclear leukocyte inhibitor. Infection and immunity, 24(2), 399-403.
29- Wong, R. S. (2011). Apoptosis in cancer: from pathogenesis to treatment. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research, 30(1), 1-14.
30- Greaves, P. (2011). Histopathology of preclinical toxicity studies: interpretation and relevance in drug safety evaluation. Academic Press.
31- Azadbakht, L., Jamali-Gojani, Z., & Heidari-Beni, M. (2015). Anti-obesity drug orlistat (xenical) is a novel antitumor medication. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 16(1).
32- Magalhães, L. M., de Oliveira, C. V. C., Gonçalves, M. D. C. R., de Souza, A. A., & Silva, A. S. (2013). Single dose of dietary supplement Nutrex Lipo-6 Black® limits the post exercise hypotension induced by aerobic exercise in young adults. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 3(2), 127-133.
33- Seifert, J. G., Nelson, A., Devonish, J., Burke, E. R., & Stohs, S. J. (2011). Effect of acute administration of an herbal preparation on blood pressure and heart rate in humans. International journal of medical sciences, 8(3), 192.
34- Thomas, J. E., Munir, J. A., McIntyre, P. Z., & Ferguson, M. A. (2009). STEMI in a 24-year-old man after use of a synephrine-containing dietary supplement: a case report and review of the literature. Texas Heart Institute Journal, 36(6), 586.
35- Kalman, D. S., Antonio, J., & Kreider, R. B. (2003). The relative safety of ephedra compared with other herbal products. Annals of internal medicine, 138(12), 1006.
36- Bui, L. T., Nguyen, D. T., & Ambrose, P. J. (2006). Blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 40(1), 53-57.
37- Roche Laboratories Inc,2009.
38- Garcia, S. B., da Costa Barros, L. T., Turatti, A., Martinello, F., Modiano, P., Ribeiro-Silva, A., ... & Uyemura, S. A. (2006). The anti-obesity agent Orlistat is associated to increase in colonic preneoplastic markers in rats treated with a chemical carcinogen. Cancer letters, 240(2), 221-224.
39- Chuang, H. Y., Chang, Y. F., & Hwang, J. J. (2011). Antitumor effect of orlistat, a fatty acid synthase inhibitor, is via activation of caspase-3 on human colorectal carcinoma-bearing animal. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 65(4), 286-292.
40- McNeely W, Benfi eld P. 1998. Orlistat. Drugs, 56:241–9; discussion 250.
41- Padwal, R. S., Rucker, D., Li, S. K., Curioni, C., & Lau, D. C. (2003). Long‐term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4).
42- McDuffie, J. R., Calis, K. A., Booth, S. L., Uwaifo, G. I., & Yanovski, J. A. (2002). Effects of orlistat on fat‐soluble vitamins in obese adolescents. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 22(7), 814-822.
43- Gotfredsen, A., Westergren Hendel, H., & Andersen, T. (2001). Influence of orlistat on bone turnover and body composition. International journal of obesity, 25(8), 1154-1160.
44- Finer, N., James, W. P. T., Kopelman, P. G., Lean, M. E. J., & Williams, G. (2000). One-year treatment of obesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of orlistat, a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor. International journal of obesity, 24(3), 306-313.
45- Orlistat. 2007. Orlistat: drug information [online]. URL: http://uptodateonline.com.
46- Singh, A., Sarkar, S. R., Gaber, L. W., & Perazella, M. A. (2007). Acute oxalate nephropathy associated with orlistat, a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 49(1), 153-157.
47- Notarius, C. F., Morris, B. L., & Floras, J. S. (2006). Caffeine attenuates early post-exercise hypotension in middle-aged subjects. American Journal of Hypertension, 19(2), 184-188.
48- Cazé, R. F., Franco, G. A. M., Porpino, S. K. P., Souza, A. A. D., Padilhas, O. P., & Silva, A. S. (2010). Caffeine influence on blood pressure response to aerobic exercise in hypertensive subjects. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 16, 324-328.
49- McBride, B. F., Karapanos, A. K., Krudysz, A., Kluger, J., Coleman, C. I., & White, C. M. (2004). Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of a multicomponent dietary supplement containing ephedra and caffeine: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 291(2), 216-221.
50- Hackman, R. M., Havel, P. J., Schwartz, H. J., Rutledge, J. C., Watnik, M. R., Noceti, E. M., ... & Keen, C. L. (2006). Multinutrient supplement containing ephedra and caffeine causes weight loss and improves metabolic risk factors in obese women: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obesity, 30(10), 1545-1556.
51- Stephensen, T. A., & Sarlay Jr, R. (2009). Ventricular fibrillation associated with use of synephrine containing dietary supplement. Military medicine, 174(12), 1313-1319.
52- Kreider, R. B., Wilborn, C. D., Taylor, L., Campbell, B., Almada, A. L., Collins, R., ... & Antonio, J. (2010). ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations. Journal of the international society of sports nutrition, 7(1), 7.
53- Maglione, M., Miotto, K., Iguchi, M., Hilton, L., & Shekelle, P. (2005). Psychiatric symptoms associated with ephedra use. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 4(5), 879-884.
54- Shekelle, P. G., Hardy, M. L., Morton, S. C., Maglione, M., Mojica, W. A., Suttorp, M. J., ... & Gagné, J. (2003). Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: a meta-analysis. Jama, 289(12), 1537-1545.
55- Moura Junior, J. S., Nóbrega, T. K. S. D., Brito, A. D. F., & Silva, A. S. (2010). Influência Aguda do Tabaco na Pressão Arterial, Freqüência Cardíaca e na Hipotensão Pós-Exercício em homens Jovens Fumantes. Rev. bras. ciênc. saúde, 57-64.
Published
2022-07-18
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abdulshaheed, H. G. (2022). Comparative physiology study of side effect between Xenical and Lipo-6 Supplements which treated obese rabbets. Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Pure Science, 27(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.29350/qjps.2022.27.1.1542
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