Illumination on the structure and characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica genome.
Keywords:
Entamoeba histolytica ; Genome ; gene families ; Transposable elements.
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, likes other Organismes, is characterized by diversity and heterogeneity in its genetic content, which is one of the most paramount reasons for survival, and the increase in susceptibility to infection. Non-condensation of chromosomes during the process of cell division and the ambiguity of the chromosomal ploidy makes predicting the exact chromosomal numeral difficult. Genes distributed across 14 chromosomes as well as many extra-chromosome elements. Most Genes compose of one axon only, with Introns in 25% of Genes. This genome is characterized by the presence of Polymorphic internal repeat regions, and several gene families, one of these large families encoding Transmembrane kinas, Cysteine protease (CP), SREHP protein, and others.
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References
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Marianne, L .(2010). Molecular diagnosis and characterization of two Intestinal Protozoa: Entamoeba histolytica & Giardia intestinalis . Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm. 76 pp.
Mukherjee, C.; Clark, G. C. and Lohia, A.(2008). Entamoeba shows reversible variation in ploidy under different growth conditions and between life cycle phases . PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis.; 2(8): 281.
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Pray, L. (2008). Transposons, or jumping genes: Not junk DNA? Nat. Edu.; 1(1):32.
Schuster, F.L. and Visvesvara, G.S. (2004). Amebae and ciliated protozoa as causal agents of waterborne Zoonotic disease. Vet. Parasitol.; 126 (1-2):91–120.
Srivastava , S. (2005). Identification of strains of Entamoeba histolytica and .Entamoeba dispar from natural isolates . Ph.D. thesis ,school of life science, Jawaharlal Nehru University .India . 107 pp.
Tanyukse, M. and Petri, W. A.(2003). Laboratory diagnosis of Amebiasis . Clin. Microbial. Rev.; 16( 4): 713–729.
Tawari, B.; Ali, M.; Scott, C.; Michael, A.; Quail, M. B.; Hall, N . and Clark, G. C.( 2008). Patterns of Evolution in the unique tRNA Gene arrays of the genus Entamoeba. Mol. Biol. Evol.; 25(1):187–198.
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Weedall , G. D. and Hall, N. (2011). Evolutionary genomics of Entamoeba. Res. in Microbiol .;162(2-6): 637-645.
Zaki, M.(2002). Characterisation of polymorphic DNA and its application to typing of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar . Ph.D. thesis , University of London . 278 pp.
Zhiming, M . and Samuelson, J.(1998). A new gene family (ariel) encodes Asparagine-rich Entamoeba histolytica antigens, which resemble the Amebic vaccine candidate Serine-rich E. histolytica Protein. Inf. and Immu.; 66( 1): 353–355 .
Bagchi, A.(2001). Studies on structure and organisation of chromosomes in Entamoeba histolytica .Ph.D. thesis, School of Environmental Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University .India :144 pp.
Bhattacharya, A. and Bhattacharya, P. J.( 2002). Close sequence identity between Ribosomal DNA episomes of the nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar and pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. J. Bio.sci.; 27 (3): 619–627.
Bhattacharya, S. and Bhattacharya, A .(2013). Amoebiasis and Entamoeba species: unexplored liaisons. Trop. Ga.; 34(2):55–57.
Black, S. J. and Seed, J. R.(2004). The pathogenic enteric protozoa:Giardia, Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora . kluwer academic publishers. New York:184 pp.
Brendan , L. ; Anderson, I. ; Davies, R. ; Alsmark, U.C. ; Samuelson, J. ; Amedeo, P. ; Roncaglia, P. ; Berriman, M. ; Hirt, RP.; Mann, B.J. ; Nozaki, T. ; Suh, B. ; Pop, M. ; Duchene, M. and Ackers, J. (2005). The genome of the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Natu.; 43(3):865-868.
Caron, M. and Seve, A.(2004). Lectins and pathology , Harwood academic publishers , British. 289 pp.
Chavez -Munguia , B. ; Tsutsumi , V. and Martenez-Palomo, A. (2006). Research brief Entamoeba histolytica: Ultrastructure of the chromosome and the mitotic spindle . Expe. Parasitol.; 114(2006): 235–239.
Clark, C.G. ; Johnson, p. j. and Adam, D.(2010). Anaerobic parasitic protozoa genomics and molecular biology .Caister academic press, UK:562 pp.
Clark, C.G. Alsmark, UC. ; Tazreiter, M. ; Saito-Nakano, Y. ; Ali, V. and Marion, S. (2007). Structure and Content of the Entamoeba histolytica Genome.In Advances in Parasitology. Vol. 65: R. Muller , R. and Tanabe, K. 451 pp.
Das, K. and Ganguly, S. (2014). Evolutionary genomics and population structure of Entamoeba histolytica .Compu. and Stru. Biotechn. J.; 12 (2014): 26–33.
Dewannieux, M. and Heidmann, T.(2005). LINEs, SINEs and processed pseudogenes: parasitic strategies for genome modeling. Cytog. Gen. Res.;110(1-4):35-48.
Dhaliwal, B. B. and Juyal, P. D .(2013). Parasitic Zoonoses . Springer, India. 157 pp.
Ghosh, S. ; Frisardi, M. ; Ramirez-Avila, L. ; Descoteaux, S.; Sturm-Ramirez, K. ; Newton-Sanchez, A. ; Santos-Preciado, JI. ; Ganguly, C. ; Lohia, A.; Reed, S. and Samuelson, J. (2000). Molecular epidemiology of Entamoeba spp. evidence of a bottleneck (demographic sweep) and transcontinental spread of diploid parasites . J. Clin. Microbiol.; 38( 10): 3815–3821.
Griffiths, A. ; Miller, J. ; Suzuki, D.(2000). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7th edition. New York.pp:157.
Hooshyar, H. ; Rostamkhani, P. and Rezaeian, M.(2015). An annotated checklist of the Human and Animal Entamoeba ) Amoebida: Endamoebidae) species- a review article. Iran J. parasitol.; 10( 2):146-156.
Irmer , H.; Hennings, I.; Bruchhaus, I. and Tannich, E. (2010). tRNA Gene sequences are required for transcriptional silencing in Entamoeba histolytica. Euk. Cell.; 9( 2 ): 306–314.
Kumari, V.; Iyer, L. R.; Roy, R.; Bhargava,V.; Panda , S.; Paul, J. and Verweij, J. (2013) . Genomic distribution of SINEs in Entamoeba histolytica strains: implication for genotyping . BMC. Genom.;14(1):432.
Kumari, V.; Sharma, R.; Yadav, V. P. ; Gupta, K.; Bhattacharya, Alok. and Bhattacharya, S.(2011). Differential distribution of a SINE element in the Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar genomes: Role of the LINE-encoded endonuclease. BMC. Genom.; 12(1):267.
López-Camarillo , C.; Guillen, N .; Weber, C.; Orozco, E. and Marchat, L. A.(2009). Genomics approaches in the understanding of Entamoeba histolytica virulence and gene expression regulation . Afr. J. Bio.; 8 (8):1363-1369.
López-Camarillo , C.; Zamorano, C.; E la Cruz, H.; Rosas, I. and Marchat, L.( 2011). Genomics and proteomics approaches to understand virulence of Entamoeba histolytica. A Méndez-Vilas (Ed). 511 pp.
Lorenzi, H.A.; Puiu, D.; Miller, J.R.; Brinkac, L.M.; Amedeo, P.; Hall, N. and Caler, E.V. (2010). New assembly reannotation and analysis of the Entamoeba histolytica genome reveal new genomic features and protein content information. PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis.; 4(6): 716.
Mandal, P. K.; Bagchi, A. and Bhattacharya, S. (2004). An Entamoeba histolytica LINE/SINE pair inserts at common target sites cleaved by the restriction Enzyme-like LINE-encoded endonuclease. Ame. Soc. Microbiol.; 3(1):170–179.
Marianne, L .(2010). Molecular diagnosis and characterization of two Intestinal Protozoa: Entamoeba histolytica & Giardia intestinalis . Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm. 76 pp.
Mukherjee, C.; Clark, G. C. and Lohia, A.(2008). Entamoeba shows reversible variation in ploidy under different growth conditions and between life cycle phases . PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis.; 2(8): 281.
Pinilla, E.; Consuelo, M. and Fernando, D.(2008). History of the Entamoeba histolytica protozoan. Rev. Méd. Chile.; 136(1): 118-124.
Pray, L. (2008). Transposons, or jumping genes: Not junk DNA? Nat. Edu.; 1(1):32.
Schuster, F.L. and Visvesvara, G.S. (2004). Amebae and ciliated protozoa as causal agents of waterborne Zoonotic disease. Vet. Parasitol.; 126 (1-2):91–120.
Srivastava , S. (2005). Identification of strains of Entamoeba histolytica and .Entamoeba dispar from natural isolates . Ph.D. thesis ,school of life science, Jawaharlal Nehru University .India . 107 pp.
Tanyukse, M. and Petri, W. A.(2003). Laboratory diagnosis of Amebiasis . Clin. Microbial. Rev.; 16( 4): 713–729.
Tawari, B.; Ali, M.; Scott, C.; Michael, A.; Quail, M. B.; Hall, N . and Clark, G. C.( 2008). Patterns of Evolution in the unique tRNA Gene arrays of the genus Entamoeba. Mol. Biol. Evol.; 25(1):187–198.
Tillack, M.; Biller, L.; Irmer, H.; Freitas, M.; Gomes, M. A.; Tannich, E. and Bruchhaus, I.( 2007). The Entamoeba histolytica genome: primary structure and expression of proteolytic enzymes. BMC. Genom.; 8(1):170 .
Weedall , G. D. and Hall, N. (2011). Evolutionary genomics of Entamoeba. Res. in Microbiol .;162(2-6): 637-645.
Zaki, M.(2002). Characterisation of polymorphic DNA and its application to typing of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar . Ph.D. thesis , University of London . 278 pp.
Zhiming, M . and Samuelson, J.(1998). A new gene family (ariel) encodes Asparagine-rich Entamoeba histolytica antigens, which resemble the Amebic vaccine candidate Serine-rich E. histolytica Protein. Inf. and Immu.; 66( 1): 353–355 .
Published
2021-07-05
How to Cite
Al-Ardi, M. (2021). Illumination on the structure and characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica genome. Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Pure Science, 26(4), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.29350/qjps.2021.26.4.1311
Section
Special Issue (Silver Jubilee)
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